Sarcoma is a rare and deadly form of cancer occurring in the bones and connective tissue that affects individuals of all ages. Its aggressiveness, rarity and diversity continue to hinder efforts to identify effective therapies for people with this malignancy. Patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX) are unique models where a patient’s individual tumor is grown in mice. Such xenografts have long shown great promise in modeling how sarcoma and other cancers can respond to and resist therapies, but their feasibility for use in individual patients in clinical settings remains unknown.
A new UCLA study is the first to identify patient and tumor characteristics that predict the successful creation of models and which types of sarcomas are most likely to grow as xenografts. The research, which is the first and largest PDOX study in sarcoma, gives physician-scientists a much-needed roadmap for personalizing therapies for the disease without placing patients at risk for treatment-related complications or ineffective therapy.
The research is published online in JCO Precision Oncology.
There are up to 50 types of soft-tissue sarcomas, making each type rare. Consequently, it is challenging for scientists to design clinical trials to identify effective systemic treatments, such as chemotherapy or targeted therapy.
Recent research has shown that patient-derived orthotopic xenografts faithfully reproduce the biological behavior of the human tumor, including treatment response and resistance that accurately mirrors that of the individual patient. Given the overall promise of PDOX, the UCLA team set out to assess the feasibility of generating individual patient PDOX models in a clinical setting and to determine potential factors that facilitate or prevent the successful development of xenografts from people with sarcomas.
In the yearlong study, the UCLA team collected tumor samples from 107 people with soft-tissue sarcomas. Tumor fragments were then surgically implanted into the mice in the anatomic site corresponding to the original tumor location in the patient. The researchers assessed the ability of the models to successfully “establish,” meaning that after implantation of the human tumor fragments in the mouse model, a new tumor grew. The tumor fragments could also be subsequently transferred and grown in additional mice for further testing, Eilber said.
Eilber and colleagues discovered that only the aggressive, or high-grade, tumors established but not the less aggressive, or low-grade, sarcomas. Of the high-grade tumors that did establish, the highest rates (62 percent) were from people whose tumors had not previously been treated with chemotherapy or radiation. Tumors from people who had undergone pre-operative radiation therapy for their sarcoma saw no successful establishment of PDOX models, and establishment was also lower when patients had received pre-operative chemotherapy (32 percent) compared with those who had untreated tumors.
PDOX establishment rates were as high as 86 percent in some subtypes of untreated aggressive sarcomas and the median time to establishment was 53 days.
More than 12,390 cases of soft-tissue sarcoma will be diagnosed in the United States this year, and nearly 5,000 Americans are expected to die from the disease. The use of traditional treatments such as chemotherapy in soft-tissue sarcoma cases continues to result in low response rates and poor survival outcomes, and there is an urgent unmet need for more personalized strategies for the disease.
The study demonstrates that patient-derived orthotopic xenografts are feasible for use in the clinical setting and can provide oncologists with a roadmap to accurately identify which patients will and will not benefit from a specific therapy. This research has the potential to change the way that people with sarcoma and other cancers are treated.
UCLA researchers are conducting additional studies to learn if individual patient PDOX models can be developed for needle biopsies, as well as determining the potential of PDOX models to guide patient therapy and outcomes.
AUTHORS
UCLA’s Dr. Fritz Eilber is senior author. The first author is Dr. Tara Russell at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Other authors are Drs. Mark Eckardt at the Yale School of Medicine; Takashi Murakami, Kei Kawaguchi, Tasuku Kiyuna, Kentaro Igarashi and Robert Hoffman at the University of California San Diego; and Irmina Elliott, Yungfeng Li, Joseph Crompton, Danielle Graham, Sarah Dry, Nicholas Bernthal, Jane Yanagawa, Anusha Kalbasi, Noah Federman, Bartosz Chmielowski and Arun Singh at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Eilber, Dry, Bernthal, Yanagawa, Kalbasi, Federman, Chmielowski and Singh are members of UCLA’s Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.
FUNDING
The research was supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program and the West Los Angeles Veteran Affairs Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovation.
DISCLOSURE
Eilber, Hoffman and Singh are co-founders of AntiCancer PDOX Inc., a company that assists genetics researchers, pharmaceutical companies and academic laboratories in the development of personalized medical solutions for cancer.
