Researchers discover gene that slows bone loss and promotes bone formation

IMPACT

Osteoporosis and aging-related bone loss is debilitating and painful. With a greater understanding of Wnt4 signaling, researchers are now closer to developing therapeutic agents that could slow down bone loss, regenerate lost bone and inhibit the inflammation associated with osteoporosis and aging-related bone diseases.

FINDINGS

In the U.S. alone, approximately 54 million people over the age of 50 suffer from osteoporosis and aging-related bone loss, and the number of cases is expected to balloon to 64.4 million by 2030. Studies suggest that worldwide, 1 in 3 women over 50 will experience osteoporosis-related bone fractures, as will 1 in 5 men.

Osteoporosis is caused when the process of bone resorption, or the breakdown of bone, overpowers the process of bone formation. Bone loss is further exacerbated by chronic inflammation, often associated with aging. Most current osteoporosis medications are developed to slow bone loss by targeting the resorption. Researchers from the UCLA School of Dentistry(Link is external) have taken an important step toward a more effective treatment of osteoporosis. A research team led by Dr. Cun-Yu Wang, a UCLA School of Dentistry professor, is developing a novel therapeutic agent that not only slows down bone destruction, but also promotes bone formation by suppressing inflammation in the bone marrow.

The researchers discovered that a growth factor called Wnt4 that is secreted into the bone marrow effectively prevents bone loss in mouse models of osteoporosis and skeletal aging. It does this by inhibiting NF-?B signaling, a key pathway in the body’s inflammatory processes.

Wang’s team previously found(Link is external) that Wnt4 protein could promote bone formation; in the new study, they created a strain of transgenic mice in which the Wnt4 gene was overexpressed in osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells. As expected, those mice exhibited increased bone mass compared with the control group, and they showed significantly less bone loss in an osteoporosis model. Surprisingly, the team discovered that Wnt4 protein not only promotes osteoblasts, but also suppresses the activity of osteoclasts, or bone-resorbing cells, as well as inflammation in the bone marrow.

In order to understand the mechanisms of the action of Wnt4 protein, the researchers investigated its effect on NF-?B signaling — a key part of the process during osteoclast formation and bone inflammation. Mice with hyperactive NF-?B signaling developed arthritis-like symptoms and showed bone loss, but cross-mating these mice with Wnt4 transgenic mice effectively alleviated these symptoms. Wnt4 transgenic mice also displayed a slower decline of bone mass associated with advanced age. The team went on to show that Wnt4 protein could inhibit osteoclast formation in vitro by removing a protein important for NF-?B activation.

Finally, to investigate the therapeutic use of Wnt4 for osteoporosis, the team generated osteoporosis in mice and introduced recombinant Wnt4 protein to those mice. They discovered a profound therapeutic effect of Wnt4 protein in mice with osteoporosis. Bone loss was markedly reduced among the group receiving Wnt4 injections, supporting the theory that recombinant Wnt4 protein could potentially be useful for treatment of osteoporosis and aging-related bone loss.

AUTHORS

Dr. Bo Yu, Dr. Jia Chang, Dr. Jiong Li and Kareena Kevork, all from the Laboratory of Molecular Signaling at the UCLA School of Dentistry; Dr. Yunsong Liu from Peking University School of Stomatology; Dr. Khalid Al-Hezaimi from King Saud University College of Dentistry; Dr. Dana Graves from the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine; Dr. No-Hee Park, dean of the UCLA School of Dentistry and professor at the UCLA School of Dentistry and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; and Dr. Cun-Yu Wang, lead author of the study.

Dr. Wang is the No-Hee Park Endowed Chair in Dentistry and professor of oral biology and medicine at the UCLA School of Dentistry. He also is a member of the Broad Stem Cell Research Center at UCLA and holds a faculty appointment in the department of bioengineering at the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.

FUNDING

This work was supported in part by National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research grants DE19412 and DE16513, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases grant AR63089 and a UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center Research Award.

JOURNAL

Wang’s new research(Link is external) is published in Nature Medicine — a peer-reviewed biomedical research journal.