UCLA Endocrine Surgery Research Fellowship
Mission
The purpose of the UCLA Endocrine Surgery Research fellowship is to prepare surgical trainees for a career in academic surgery and to advance the field of endocrine surgery.
Overview
The UCLA endocrine surgery research fellowship is a two-year, full-time research experience for general surgery residents who are currently enrolled in an ACGME-approved residency program.
Research fellows will participate in health services and clinical/translational research. Our research fellows gain expertise in:
- Grant writing
- Study design
- Clinical trials
- Database studies
- Retrospective studies
- Statistical analysis
- Manuscript preparation
- Scientific presentation
Mentoring and Support
Our research group includes 4 endocrine surgery faculty and 2 endocrinology faculty who will provide mentoring to the research fellow. Research fellows will also be supported by our two biostatisticians and medical students. Fellows will have many opportunities to collaborate with faculty in endocrinology, pathology, and radiology. Trainees will become familiar with all facets of endocrine surgery through participation in weekly research conferences, multidisciplinary endocrine tumor board, and endocrine pathology conference.
Academic conferences
Our research team regularly attends the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons annual meeting in the Spring and the American Thyroid Association annual meeting in the Fall. Other meetings we attend include the American College of Surgeons Clinical Congress, the Pacific Coast Surgical Association annual meeting, and local/regional meetings. The Section of Endocrine Surgery will fund all travel expenses for two meetings per year for the research fellow.
Funding
Candidates are encouraged to apply for external funding prior to the start of the fellowship. We will provide mentorship for this process. Internal funding is available on a competitive basis. Salary will be commiserate with PGY3 level.
Research Team Faculty Members
Dr. Michael Yeh
Dr. Masha Livhits
Dr. Kyle Zanocco
Dr. James Wu
Dr. Angela Leung
Dr. Melissa Lechner
Length of Program
2 years, beginning in July 1st of each year.
Eligibility
Candidates must be general surgery residents actively enrolled in an ACGME-approved residency program, who have completed 2-3 years of clinical training before the start date of the research fellowship.
Number of Positions
One per academic year
How to Apply
In addition to completing the application, you will be asked to supply:
- Cover letter
- Current curriculum vitae
Contact
James Wu
UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
Department of Surgery
CHS 72-128
10833 Le Conte Ave
Los Angeles, CA 90095
[email protected]
Research Fellowship Alumni
Max Schumm – Completing general surgery residency at UCLA
Catherine Zhu – Completing general surgery residency at UCLA
Eric Kuo – Incoming Endocrine Surgery Fellow at Columbia 2021
James Wu – Endocrine Surgeon at UCLA
Lilah Morris – Endocrine Surgeon at University of Arizona
Recent Publications (past 5 years)
Past research fellows have published up to 13 peer-reviewed manuscripts arising from their experience with our group.
Patient experience with electronic health record–integrated postoperative telemedicine visits in an academic endocrine surgery program
MA Schumm, HQ Pyo, R Ohev-Shalom, CH Tseng, MJ Livhits, ...
Surgery 169 (5), 1139-1144
Recombinant human thyroid‐stimulating hormone versus thyroid hormone withdrawal preparation for radioiodine ablation in differentiated thyroid cancer in children, adolescents …
MA Schumm, HQ Pyo, J Kim, CH Tseng, MW Yeh, AM Leung, HK Chiu
Clinical Endocrinology
Pathologic Features Associated With Molecular Subtypes of Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
AL Tang, RT Kloos, B Aunins, TM Holm, MY Roth, MW Yeh, GW Randolph, ...
Endocrine Practice 27 (3), 206-211
Outcomes of indeterminate thyroid nodules managed nonoperatively after molecular testing
CY Zhu, I Donangelo, D Gupta, DT Nguyen, JE Ochoa, MW Yeh, ...
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106 (3), e1240-e1247
Frequency of Thyroid Hormone Replacement After Lobectomy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
MA Schumm, MG Lechner, ML Shu, JE Ochoa, J Kim, CH Tseng, ...
Endocrine Practice
Effectiveness of molecular testing techniques for diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid nodules: a randomized clinical trial
MJ Livhits, CY Zhu, EJ Kuo, DT Nguyen, J Kim, CH Tseng, AM Leung, ...
JAMA oncology 7 (1), 70-77
Correlation of ThyroSeq Results with Surgical Histopathology in Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules
PD Chin, CY Zhu, DP Sajed, GA Fishbein, MW Yeh, AM Leung, MJ Livhits
Endocrine Pathology 31 (4), 377-384
Normocalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism: An update on diagnostic and management challenges
NB Dawood, KL Yan, A Shieh, MJ Livhits, MW Yeh, AM Leung
Clinical Endocrinology 93 (5), 519-527
Trends in the surgical management of known or suspected differentiated thyroid cancer at a single institution, 2010–2018
CY Zhu, S Sha, CH Tseng, SE Yang, LE Orr, M Levin, CW Wong, ...
Thyroid 30 (11), 1639-1645
Patient Experience of Postoperative Telemedicine Visits in an Academic Endocrine Surgery Program
MA Schumm, R Ohev-Shalom, KA Zanocco, MJ Livhits, DT Hiyama, ...
Journal of the American College of Surgeons 231 (4), S78-S79
Retroperitoneoscopic Left Adrenalectomy
JE Ochoa, R Yu, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Video Endocrinology 7 (3)
Decreasing Rate of Delayed Surgery After Active Surveillance of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma in Japan
MA Schumm, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Clinical Thyroidology 32 (9), 440-442
Diagnostic value of molecular testing in sonographically suspicious thyroid nodules
MM Wang, K Beckett, M Douek, R Masamed, M Patel, CH Tseng, MW Yeh, ...
Journal of the Endocrine Society 4 (9), bvaa081
Rising incidence and incidence-based mortality of thyroid cancer in California, 2000-2017
KL Yan, S Li, CH Tseng, J Kim, DT Nguyen, NB Dawood, MJ Livhits, ...
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105 (6), 1770-1777
MON-123 Underdiagnosis of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in the Outpatient Setting of an Academic Health Care System
N Dawood, D Nguyen, CH Tseng, MJ Livhits, AM Leung, MW Yeh
Journal of the Endocrine Society 4 (Supplement_1), MON-123
MON-LB87 Recombinant Human TSH vs Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal Preparation for Radioiodine Ablation in Pediatric Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
MA Schumm, HQ Pyo, MW Yeh, J Kim, CH Tseng, AM Leung, HK Chiu
Journal of the Endocrine Society 4 (Supplement_1), MON-LB87
Year in Surgical Thyroidology: Part 2
MW Yeh
VideoEndocrinology 7 (1)
Diagnosis and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
CY Zhu, C Sturgeon, MW Yeh
Jama 323 (12), 1186-1187
Selective use of molecular testing based on sonographic features of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules: a decision analysis
KA Zanocco, MM Wang, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
World journal of surgery 44 (2), 393-401
The year in surgical thyroidology
MW Yeh
Thyroid 30 (1), 20-24
Incidentally Discovered Adrenal Mass on CT Scan
EJ Park, MJ Livhits, MW Yeh
Surgery, 119-126
Same-day discharge is not associated with increased readmissions or complications after thyroid operations
QL Hu, MJ Livhits, CY Ko, MW Yeh
Surgery 167 (1), 117-123
Skeletal effects of combined medical and surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism
LE Orr, H Zhou, CY Zhu, PI Haigh, AL Adams, MW Yeh
Surgery 167 (1), 144-148
The role of serum procalcitonin in predicting bacterial sepsis in patients with hypothyroidism
AS Shirali, JX Wu, CY Zhu, A Ocampo, CH Tseng, L Du, MJ Livhits, ...
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104 (12), 5915-5922
Do Patients with Low-and Intermediate-Risk Thyroid Cancer Need Continuing Postoperative Neck Surveillance Ultrasounds?
LE Orr, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Clinical Thyroidology 31 (8), 343-345
Who benefits from treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism?
CY Zhu, DT Nguyen, MW Yeh
Surgical Clinics 99 (4), 667-679
Biochemical dynamics of untreated primary hyperparathyroidism: An observational study
MW Yeh, H Zhou, EJ Kuo, AL Adams, N Li, PI Haigh
Endocrine Practice 25 (5), 470-476
SUN-622 Graves Disease Triggered by Lobectomy for Thyroid Cancer
A Woods, M Yeh, J Maletkovic
Journal of the Endocrine Society 3 (Supplement_1), SUN-622
Iodine nutrition in weaning infants in the United States
R Fallah, L Du, LE Braverman, X He, M Segura-Harrison, MW Yeh, ...
Thyroid 29 (4), 573-576
Financial implications of telemedicine visits in an academic endocrine surgery program
F Zheng, KW Park, WJ Thi, CC Ro, BL Bass, MW Yeh
Surgery 165 (3), 617-621
Risk factors for readmission after parathyroidectomy for renal hyperparathyroidism
JD Lee, EJ Kuo, L Du, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
World journal of surgery 43 (2), 534-539
Biochemical and skeletal outcomes of parathyroidectomy for normocalcemic (incipient) primary hyperparathyroidism
S Sho, EJ Kuo, AC Chen, N Li, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Annals of surgical oncology 26 (2), 539-546
Clinical Validation of ThyroSeq V3 Shows High Sensitivity and Specificity
C Zhu, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Clinical Thyroidology 31 (1), 20-22
End-organ effects of primary hyperparathyroidism: a population-based study
Y Assadipour, H Zhou, EJ Kuo, PI Haigh, AL Adams, MW Yeh
Surgery 165 (1), 99-104
Surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism: adherence to consensus guidelines in an academic health system
EJ Kuo, MA Al-Alusi, L Du, A Shieh, MJ Livhits, AM Leung, MW Yeh
Annals of surgery 269 (1), 158-162
Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma when jumping from aircraft: randomized controlled trial
RW Yeh, LR Valsdottir, MW Yeh, C Shen, DB Kramer, JB Strom, ...
bmj 363
Association of radioactive iodine administration after reoperation with outcomes among patients with recurrent or persistent papillary thyroid cancer
ML Hung, JX Wu, N Li, MJ Livhits, MW Yeh
JAMA surgery 153 (12), 1098-1104
Laparoscopic Transabdominal Adrenalectomy—A Procedure That Has Stood the Test of Time
MJ Livhits, MW Yeh
JAMA surgery 153 (11), 1042-1042
88th Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association
Y Luo, F XIE, GJ Kahaly, R Douglas, RJ Holt, R Perdok, J Ball, TJ Smith, ...
Thyroid 28 (S1), P-1-A-158
Male Sex Is Associated with Increased Mortality from Papillary Thyroid Cancers with BRAF V600E Mutation
LE Orr, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Clinical Thyroidology 30 (10), 450-452
Metastatic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Secreting Breast Cancer Treated with Bilateral Adrenalectomy
F Zheng, AC Chen, D Berger, MW Yeh, JD Goldstein, S Wong, MJ Livhits
AACE Clinical Case Reports 4 (5), e402-e406
Impact of hypothyroidism and heart failure on hospitalization risk
K Ro, AD Yuen, L Du, CC Ro, C Seger, MW Yeh, AM Leung, CM Rhee
Thyroid 28 (9), 1094-1100
Performance of a genomic sequencing classifier for the preoperative diagnosis of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules
KN Patel, TE Angell, J Babiarz, NM Barth, T Blevins, QY Duh, ...
JAMA surgery 153 (9), 817-824
The Endocrine Manifestations of Von Hippel Lindau Disease
Y Assadipour, DC Gott, OJ Hines, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
VideoEndocrinology 5 (2)
Many Physicians Adopt Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinomas at Kuma Hospital
Y Assadipour, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Clinical Thyroidology 30 (6), 287-289
Gene expression classifier vs targeted next-generation sequencing in the management of indeterminate thyroid nodules
MJ Livhits, EJ Kuo, AM Leung, J Rao, M Levin, ML Douek, KR Beckett, ...
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 103 (6), 2261-2268
Cost effectiveness of routine laryngoscopy in the surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer
K Zanocco, DJ Kaltman, JX Wu, A Fingeret, KS Heller, JA Lee, MW Yeh, ...
Annals of surgical oncology 25 (4), 949-956
Optimal Use of Preoperative Imaging in Primary Hyperparathyroidism—Reply
S Sho, MW Yeh, AR Sepahdari
JAMA surgery 153 (4), 394-394
Decreasing use of radioactive iodine for low-risk thyroid cancer in California, 1999 to 2015
KW Park, JX Wu, L Du, AM Leung, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 103 (3), 1095-1101
Endocrinopathies with use of cancer immunotherapies
NM Villa, A Farahmand, L Du, MW Yeh, S Smooke‐Praw, A Ribas, ...
Clinical endocrinology 88 (2), 327-332
Thyroid Cancer in California, 1999 to 2015
KW Park, JX Wu, L Du, AM Leung, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Recent pregnancy is not associated with high-risk pathological features of well-differentiated thyroid cancer
AC Chen, MJ Livhits, L Du, JX Wu, EJ Kuo, MW Yeh, AM Leung
Thyroid 28 (1), 68-71
Skeletal effects of failed parathyroidectomy
F Zheng, H Zhou, N Li, PI Haigh, AL Adams, MW Yeh
Surgery 163 (1), 17-21
Risk factors associated with reoperation and disease-specific mortality in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma
EJ Kuo, S Sho, N Li, KA Zanocco, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
JAMA surgery 153 (1), 52-59
Thyroid surgery through the mouth might not be as crazy as it sounds
MW Yeh
JAMA surgery 153 (1), 28-28
Individualizing surgery in papillary thyroid carcinoma based on a detailed sonographic assessment of extrathyroidal extension
EJ Kuo, WJ Thi, F Zheng, KA Zanocco, MJ Livhits, MW Yeh
Thyroid 27 (12), 1544-1549
Factors associated with discordance between preoperative parathyroid 4-dimensional computed tomographic scans and intraoperative findings during parathyroidectomy
S Sho, AD Yuen, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits, AR Sepahdari
JAMA surgery 152 (12), 1141-1147
87th Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association
MG Lechner, CM Vyas, OR Hamnvik, EK Alexander, P Larsen, TE Angell, ...
Thyroid 27 (S1), P-1-A-156
Most low-risk papillary thyroid cancers remain stable during active surveillance
Y Assadipour, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Clinical Thyroidology 29 (10), 368-370
Nonoperative management of differentiated thyroid cancer in California: a population-level analysis of 29,978 patients
EJ Kuo, JX Wu, N Li, KA Zanocco, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Endocrine Practice 23 (10), 1262-1269
Sustained Growth of a University-Based Endocrine Surgery Program Over 10 Years
S Sho, ES Singer, E Kwok, R Hissom, A Harari, MJ Livhits, MW Yeh
Annals of surgical oncology 24 (11), 3306-3311
Prognostic indicators for the development of strabismus among patients with graves’ ophthalmopathy
TY Lin, N Li, MW Yeh, AM Leung, DB Rootman
Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology 9, 38-40
Parathyroid hormone levels predict long-term outcome after operative management of parathyroid cancer
A Machens, K Lorenz, H Dralle
Hormone and Metabolic Research 49 (07), 485-492
Single-incision retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy: a North American experience
S Sho, MW Yeh, N Li, MJ Livhits
Surgical endoscopy 31 (7), 3014-3019
Adrenal teratoma: a case series and review of the literature
EJ Kuo, AE Sisk, Z Yang, J Huang, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Endocrine pathology 28 (2), 152-158
Pheochromocytomatosis associated with a novel TMEM127 mutation
R Yu, D Sharaga, C Donner, MFP Diaz, MJ Livhits, MW Yeh
Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2017 (1)
Incidence of abnormal liver biochemical tests in hyperthyroidism
TY Lin, AO Shekar, N Li, MW Yeh, S Saab, M Wilson, AM Leung
Clinical endocrinology 86 (5), 755-759
A NEXT-GENERATION GENE EXPRESSION CLASSIFIER FOR CYTOLOGICALLY INDETERMINATE THYROID NODULES DERIVED FROM A NOVEL SEQUENCING PLATFORM AND MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS WITH …
P Ladenson, T Angell, N Barth, T Blevins, QY Duh, R Ghossein, R Harrell, ...
Endocrine Practice 23, 300
Dynamic optical contrast imaging: A technique to differentiate parathyroid tissue from surrounding tissues
IA Kim, ZD Taylor, H Cheng, C Sebastian, A Maccabi, J Garritano, ...
Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 156 (3), 480-483
Primary hyperparathyroidism: effects on bone health
KA Zanocco, MW Yeh
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics 46 (1), 87-104
Negligible thyroid hormone content present in nonprescription US weight loss products
CD Seger, X He, LE Braverman, MW Yeh, VJ Bernet, RJ Singh, CM Rhee, ...
Thyroid 27 (2), 300-301
Cross-Sectional Imaging for the Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules and Cancer
JX Wu, M Livhits, A Sepahdari, MW Yeh
Management of Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer, 93-102
Primary hyperparathyroidism: Consequences of non-surgical management
MW Yeh
Surgery 161 (1), 51-53
Parathyroidectomy for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a revised cost-effectiveness analysis incorporating fracture risk reduction
KA Zanocco, JX Wu, MW Yeh
Surgery 161 (1), 16-24
Prospective validation of two 4D-CT–based scoring systems for prediction of multigland disease in primary hyperparathyroidism
S Sho, M Yilma, MW Yeh, M Livhits, JX Wu, JK Hoang, AR Sepahdari
American Journal of Neuroradiology 37 (12), 2323-2327
The incidence of thyroid cancer in focal hypermetabolic thyroid lesions: a 18FDG PET/CT study in more than 6,000 patients
M Barrio, J Czernin, MW Yeh, MFP Diaz, P Gupta, M Allen-Auerbach, ...
Nuclear medicine communications 37 (12), 1290
Adipocyte browning and higher mitochondrial function in periadrenal but not SC fat in pheochromocytoma
L Vergnes, GR Davies, JY Lin, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits, A Harari, ...
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101 (11), 4440-4448
Pre-ablation thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin to thyroid-stimulating hormone ratio may be associated with pulmonary metastases in children with differentiated thyroid cancer
MJ Livhits, JD Pasternak, M Xiong, N Li, JE Gosnell, MW Yeh, HK Chiu
Endocrine Practice 22 (11), 1259-1266
86th Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association
KB Buddhdev, A Patel, P Xiao, C Guda, J Baker, W Goldner, J Rodiger, ...
Thyroid 26 (S1), P-1-A-129
More extensive surgery may not improve survival over parathyroidectomy alone in parathyroid carcinoma
S Young, JX Wu, N Li, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
Annals of surgical oncology 23 (9), 2898-2904
Clinical factors influencing the performance of gene expression classifier testing in indeterminate thyroid nodules
JX Wu, S Young, ML Hung, N Li, SE Yang, DS Cheung, MW Yeh, ...
Thyroid 26 (7), 916-922
The relationship of parathyroidectomy and bisphosphonates with fracture risk in primary hyperparathyroidism: an observational study
MW Yeh, H Zhou, AL Adams, PHG Ituarte, N Li, ILA Liu, PI Haigh
Annals of internal medicine 164 (11), 715-723
Thyroid dysfunction in children exposed to iodinated contrast media
ML Barr, HK Chiu, N Li, MW Yeh, CM Rhee, J Casillas, PJ Iskander, ...
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101 (6), 2366-2370
Augmented Adipocyte Browning and Mitochondrial Function in Periadrenal Fat but not Subcutaneous Fat in Pheochromocytoma Patients
GR Davies, L Vergnes, M Yeh, A Harari, M Livhits, J Huang, M Symonds, ...
The FASEB Journal 30, 307.9-307.9
Right single-incision retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy using the mini gelpoint device
S Sho, DC Gott, MW Yeh, MJ Livhits
VideoEndocrinology 3 (3)
Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: diagnostic pitfalls and surgical intervention
JX Wu, MW Yeh
Surgical Oncology Clinics 25 (1), 77-90
Imaging for Preoperative Assessment and Staging of Thyroid Cancer
JX Wu, MW Yeh
Controversies in Thyroid Surgery, 185-194
Effect of malignancy rates on cost-effectiveness of routine gene expression classifier testing for indeterminate thyroid nodules
JX Wu, R Lam, M Levin, J Rao, PS Sullivan, MW Yeh
Surgery 159 (1), 118-129
Metformin does not suppress serum thyrotropin by increasing levothyroxine absorption
MA Al-Alusi, L Du, N Li, MW Yeh, X He, LE Braverman, AM Leung
Thyroid 25 (10), 1080-1084
Dynamic parathyroid computed tomography (4DCT) facilitates reoperative parathyroidectomy and enables cure of missed hyperplasia
S Cham, AR Sepahdari, KE Hall, MW Yeh, A Harari
Annals of surgical oncology 22 (11), 3537-3542
Serum thyrotropin concentrations are not predictive of aggressive breast cancer biology in euthyroid individuals
NM Villa, N Li, MW Yeh, SA Hurvitz, NA Dawson, AM Leung
Endocrine Practice 21 (9), 1040-1045
Cost-effectiveness of long-term every three-year versus annual postoperative surveillance for low-risk papillary thyroid cancer
JX Wu, CE Beni, KA Zanocco, C Sturgeon, MW Yeh
Thyroid 25 (7), 797-803
Predictors of multigland disease in primary hyperparathyroidism: a scoring system with 4D-CT imaging and biochemical markers
AR Sepahdari, M Bahl, A Harari, HJ Kim, MW Yeh, JK Hoang
American Journal of Neuroradiology 36 (5), 987-992
Serum TSH Is Not Associated with Aggressive Breast Cancer Biology
NM Villa, N Li, MW Yeh, SA Hurvitz, NA Dawson, AM Leung
Clinical and Translational Thyroid and Thyroid Autoimmunity, THR-022-THR-022
The Effect of Metformin on Levothyroxine Absorption
MA Al-Alusi, L Du, N Li, X He, MW Yeh, LE Braverman, AM Leung
Clinical and Translational Thyroid and Thyroid Autoimmunity, THR-021-THR-021
Trends in the frequency and quality of parathyroid surgery: analysis of 17,082 cases over 10 years
AG Abdulla, PHG Ituarte, A Harari, JX Wu, MW Yeh
Annals of surgery 261 (4), 746-750
Reproductive outcomes and nononcologic complications after radioactive iodine ablation for well-differentiated thyroid cancer
JX Wu, S Young, K Ro, N Li, AM Leung, HK Chiu, A Harari, MW Yeh
Thyroid 25 (1), 133-138
American Thyroid Association statement on preoperative imaging for thyroid cancer surgery
MW Yeh, AJ Bauer, VA Bernet, RL Ferris, LA Loevner, SJ Mandel, ...
Thyroid 25 (1), 3-14